systems programming d dhamdhere programming and operating system pdf
systems programming and operating systems d dhamdhere pdf
CHAPTER
1 THE SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING IDEA
1.1 WHAT IS SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING?
A traditional view of programming is that of a creative activity carried out by one or more professionals, employed to solve problems of interest to humans. These problems are usually in the field of logic, mathematics and perhaps language. It should be apparent that for this type of programming to be successful, it is necessary that the problem is real and that it can be adequately and precisely described. If the problem is ill-defined or not well described, programming will be of little value. However, once the real problem has been described, the programming comes into being. A major difficulty in the above approach to programming is that there is no clear agreement as to what is an adequate description of the problem. This is because a problem may be well-defined in one language but poorly described in another.
A model for systems programming is to consider the problem of a well-defined problem. The problem can be well-described in one language (say in the language of mathematics) and in a similar way, the problem may be poorly-described in another language (say in the language of electronics). The programming language is then employed to specify the solution to the problem. By doing this, one can have a solution to the problem, which will be of use in other situations, where the well-described problem is ill-defined.
A systems programming is the programming of a system as defined above. The system may be real or imaginary. Thus, the basic idea is that of specifying a system, by way of a well-defined problem, using a suitable language. There is no creativity in this approach. Instead, it is a disciplined approach, where the system specified is to be used in a range of similar situations, when the well-defined problem is ill-defined.
The discipline used to be in the form of data structures and algorithms. However, with the advent of computers and the language of mathematics, these have been discarded in favour of the language of programming. The basic idea is to specify the system in the form of a program, using a suitable language.
Another important consideration is that the language of programming has become the primary tool for the specification and implementation of the system. As such, the language of programming must be clearly specified. In many cases, 01e38acffe
4 1 In computing, a User-Mode Operating System is an operating system program that provides the interface between the user and the computer. A User-Mode Operating System contains the following functionality: To provide a platform and environment for a user to create and run programs To provide facilities for the user to access, view and manipulate data The following are the major user-mode operating systems that have been developed: The Windows operating system is developed and maintained by Microsoft. It is the most widely used operating system for PC s. The Windows operating system is intended to be an extension of the personal computer. The operating system is available on many different devices, including desktops, laptops, and mainframes. The OS is capable of running on various platforms and is multilingual. Windows is available for a wide range of devices. For example, in addition to Windows for PCs, Windows for workstations, Windows Embedded, Windows CE, and Windows Tablet are also available.
5 CHAPTER 2 ADM 1CK NT SYSTEM PROGRAMMING AND OPERATING SYSTEM 2 1. 2.2 Non-Computer and Computer Hardware. Operating systems provide the interface between user-mode and system software. Hardware refers to the physical elements of the computer which are the central processor unit, memory, peripheral devices and input/output devices. The software interacts with the hardware to make the computer operate. Non-computer hardware, which includes the monitor, keyboard, mouse, telephone, printer, or fax, is all user-related equipment. Computer hardware, which includes the memory, disk drive, serial port, parallel port, video port, network port, sound card, expansion cards, and motherboard, is all system related equipment.
6 2.2.3 Computer Hardware. Computer hardware includes the motherboard (also called the main board), the CPU, and the memory. The motherboard is the base unit of the computer that connects the CPU and the memory. It provides a foundation for the operating system and the rest of the hardware. The CPU or microprocessor is a central processing unit that provides the basic processing power of the computer system. The CPU is generally found in a separate box from the motherboard. The computer's memory is a storage area of the computer that allows the computer to store information and programs. There are different types of memory such as RAM, Flash Memory, and a hard drive. The hard drive is the primary storage area of the computer where the OS, programs, and data are stored. The hard drive also contains a file system and is where the
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